URINALYSIS
Ed Friedlander, M.D., Pathologist
scalpel_blade@yahoo.com

Cyberfriends: The help you're looking for is probably here.

Welcome to Ed's Pathology Notes, placed here originally for the convenience of medical students at my school. You need to check the accuracy of any information, from any source, against other credible sources. I cannot diagnose or treat over the web, I cannot comment on the health care you have already received, and these notes cannot substitute for your own doctor's care. I am good at helping people find resources and answers. If you need me, send me an E-mail at scalpel_blade@yahoo.com Your confidentiality is completely respected.

DoctorGeorge.com is a larger, full-time service. There is also a fee site at myphysicians.com, and another at www.afraidtoask.com.

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Freely have you received, give freely With one of four large boxes of "Pathguy" replies.

I'm still doing my best to answer everybody. Sometimes I get backlogged, sometimes my E-mail crashes, and sometimes my literature search software crashes. If you've not heard from me in a week, post me again. I send my most challenging questions to the medical student pathology interest group, minus the name, but with your E-mail where you can receive a reply.

Numbers in {curly braces} are from the magnificent Slice of Life videodisk. No medical student should be without access to this wonderful resource. Someday you may be able to access these pictures directly from this page.

I am presently adding clickable links to images in these notes. Let me know about good online sources in addition to these:

Freely have you received, freely give. -- Matthew 10:8. My site receives an enormous amount of traffic, and I'm handling about 200 requests for information weekly, all as a public service.

Pathology's modern founder, Rudolf Virchow M.D., left a legacy of realism and social conscience for the discipline. I am a mainstream Christian, a man of science, and a proponent of common sense and common kindness. I am an outspoken enemy of all the make-believe and bunk that interfere with peoples' health, reasonable freedom, and happiness. I talk and write straight, and without apology.

Throughout these notes, I am speaking only for myself, and not for any employer, organization, or associate.

Special thanks to my friend and colleague, Charles Wheeler M.D., pathologist and former Kansas City mayor. Thanks also to the real Patch Adams M.D., who wrote me encouragement when we were both beginning our unusual medical careers.

If you're a private individual who's enjoyed this site, and want to say, "Thank you, Ed!", then what I'd like best is a contribution to the Episcopalian home for abandoned, neglected, and abused kids in Nevada:

I've spent time there and they are good. Write "Thanks Ed" on your check.

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Especially if you're looking for information on a disease with a name that you know, here are a couple of great places for you to go right now and use Medline, which will allow you to find every relevant current scientific publication. You owe it to yourself to learn to use this invaluable internet resource. Not only will you find some information immediately, but you'll have references to journal articles that you can obtain by interlibrary loan, plus the names of the world's foremost experts and their institutions.

Alternative (complementary) medicine has made real progress since my generally-unfavorable 1983 review linked below. If you are interested in complementary medicine, then I would urge you to visit my new Alternative Medicine page. If you are looking for something on complementary medicine, please go first to the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. And for your enjoyment... here are some of my old pathology exams for medical school undergraduates.

I cannot examine every claim that my correspondents share with me. Sometimes the independent thinkers prove to be correct, and paradigms shift as a result. You also know that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. When a discovery proves to square with the observable world, scientists make reputations by confirming it, and corporations are soon making profits from it. When a decades-old claim by a "persecuted genius" finds no acceptance from mainstream science, it probably failed some basic experimental tests designed to eliminate self-deception. If you ask me about something like this, I will simply invite you to do some tests yourself, perhaps as a high-school science project. Who knows? Perhaps it'll be you who makes the next great discovery!

Our world is full of people who have found peace, fulfillment, and friendship by suspending their own reasoning and simply accepting a single authority that seems wise and good. I've learned that they leave the movements when, and only when, they discover they have been maliciously deceived. In the meantime, nothing that I can say or do will convince such people that I am a decent human being. I no longer answer my crank mail.

This site is my hobby, and I presently have no sponsor.

This page was last updated February 6, 2006.

During the ten years my site has been online, it's proved to be one of the most popular of all internet sites for undergraduate physician and allied-health education. It is so well-known that I'm not worried about borrowers. I never refuse requests from colleagues for permission to adapt or duplicate it for their own courses... and many do. So, fellow-teachers, help yourselves. Don't sell it for a profit, don't use it for a bad purpose, and at some time in your course, mention me as author and KCUMB as my institution. Drop me a note about your successes. And special thanks to everyone who's helped and encouraged me, and especially the people at KCUMB for making it possible, and my teaching assistants over the years.

Whatever you're looking for on the web, I hope you find it, here or elsewhere. Health and friendship!

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More of Ed's Notes: Ed's Medical Terminology Page

Perspectives on Disease
Cell Injury and Death
Accumulations and Deposits
Inflammation
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What is Cancer?
Cancer: Causes and Effects
Immune Injury
Autoimmunity
Other Immune
HIV infections
The Anti-Immunization Activists
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Autopsy
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Serum Proteins
Renal Function Tests
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Liver Testing
Porphyria
Urinalysis
Spinal Fluid
Lab Problem
Quackery
Alternative Medicine (current)
Alternative Medicine (1983)
Preventing "F"'s: For Teachers!
Medical Dictionary

Courtesy of CancerWEB

OBJECTIVES

QUIZBANK

Urinalysis

Urinalysis
Sediment

Urinalysis
WebPath Tutorial

SPOT URINE COLLECTION

TWENTY-FOUR HOUR URINE COLLECTION

CHEMICAL URINALYSIS

MICROSCOPIC URINALYSIS (see Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 108: 399, 1984 is still good)

TO THINK ABOUT:

Appendix I

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PATIENTS

MEN:

1. Retract foreskin (if not circumcised).

2. Using one of the towelettes provided, cleanse the urethral opening with a single stroke directed from the ring of the glans toward the tip. Discard towelette.

3. Repeat cleansing procedure using two more towelettes.

4. Void into the toilet and continue to void but interrupt the stream to collect urine into the supplied container.

5. Close the container, complete information on label, and attach it to the specimen container.

WOMEN:

1. While seated on the toilet spread the outer folds (labia majora).

2. Using one of the towelettes provided (see step 2 above), wipe the inner side of one inner fold (labium minor) by using a single stroke from front to back; discard towelette.

3. Using a second towelette, repeat step 2 on the opposite side.

4. Using a third towelette, cleanse urethral (urinary) opening with a single front-to-back stroke.

5. Void into the toilet and continue to void, but interrupt stream to collect urine into the supplied container.

6. Close the container, complete information on the label, and attach it to the specimen container.

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY

Instructions For Collection of

24-Hour Urine Sample

For proper evaluation of tests on a 24-hour urine sample it is important that a complete and accurate collection be made.

Drink less liquids during the collection period than you usually do, unless instructed otherwise by your physician. Do not drink any alcoholic beverages.

1. Empty your bladder when you get up in the morning and discard this urine.

        (______________ A.M., __________________________)
                  (time)                                    (date)

2. From then on collect in a clean bottle all urine you pass during the day and night.

3. Make your final collection when you empty your bladder the next morning at the same hour.

        (______________ A.M., __________________________)
                  (time)                                    (date)

4. Keep the collected urine refrigerated, if possible, and bring it to the office or laboratory as soon as possible after the 24-hour collection is complete.

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Teaching Pathology

Pathological Chess


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83.4 MB
7:26 min